Segmentation

Figure 4.15: Logical View of Segmentation (left) , User's View of a Program (right).

• The most important problem with base-and-limits (see Fig. 4.5) relocation is that there is only one segment for each process
• Segmentation generalizes the base-and-limits technique by allowing each process to be split over several segments (i.e., multiple base-limits pairs)
• Segment table maps 2-dimensional physical addresses (segment-number, offset); each table entry has:
  • base; contains starting physical address where segments reside in memory
  • limit specifies length of segment
• Table entries are filled as new segments are allocated for the process
• A segment is a region of contiguous memory. Although the segments may be scattered in memory, each segment is mapped to a contiguous region
• Memory-management scheme that supports user view of memory (see Fig. 4.15)
• Program is collection of segments. Segment a logical unit such as:
  main program, procedure, function, method, object, local variables, global variables, common block, stack, symbol table, array (see Fig. 4.16)

  Figure 4.16: Example of Segmentation

  
• When a process is created, an empty segment table is inserted into the process control block (PCB)
• The segments are returned to the free segment pool when the process terminates
• Segmentation, as well as the base and limits approach, causes external fragmentation (because they require contiguous physical memory) and requires memory compaction
• An advantage of the approach is that only a segment, instead of a whole process, may be swapped to make room for the (new) process.
• Like paging, use virtual addresses and use disk to make memory look bigger that it really is
• Segmentation can be implemented with or without paging
• Segment-table base register (STBR) points to segment table's location in memory
• Segment-table length register (STLR) indicates number of segments used by a program , segment number s is legal if s $<$ STLR
• Segmentation Architecture
  • Relocation; dynamic, by segment table
  • Sharing; shared segments, same segment number
  • Allocation; first fit/best fit, external fragmentation
  • Protection: with each entry in segment table: illegal segment, read/write/execute privileges
  • Protection bits associated with segments; code sharing at segment level
  • Since segments vary in length, memory allocation a dynamic storage-allocation problem

  Figure 4.17: Sharing of Segmentation