Blocking Message Passing Operations

• A simple solution to the dilemma presented in the code fragment above is for the send operation to return only when it is semantically safe to do so.
• Note that this is not the same as saying that the send operation returns only after the receiver has received the data.
• It simply means that the sending operation blocks until it can guarantee that the semantics will not be violated on return irrespective of what happens in the program subsequently.
• There are two mechanisms by which this can be achieved.
  1. Blocking Non-Buffered Send/Receive
  2. Blocking Buffered Send/Receive

1

Blocking Non-Buffered Send/Receive

• The send operation does not return until the matching receive has been encountered at the receiving process.
• When this happens, the message is sent and the send operation returns upon completion of the communication operation.
• Typically, this process involves a handshake between the sending and receiving processes (see Fig. 4.1).

  Figure 4.1: Handshake for a blocking non-buffered send/receive operation.

  

• The sending process sends a request to communicate to the receiving process.
• When the receiving process encounters the target receive, it responds to the request.
• The sending process upon receiving this response initiates a transfer operation.
• Since there are no buffers used at either sending or receiving ends, this is also referred to as a non-buffered blocking operation.
• Idling Overheads in Blocking Non-Buffered Operations: It is clear from the figure that a blocking non-buffered protocol is suitable when the send and receive are posted at roughly the same time (middle in the figure).
• However, in an asynchronous environment, this may be impossible to predict.
• This idling overhead is one of the major drawbacks of this protocol.

• Deadlocks in Blocking Non-Buffered Operations: Consider the following simple exchange of messages that can lead to a deadlock:

  
• The code fragment makes the values of $a$ available to both processes $P_0$ and $P_1$.
• However, if the send and receive operations are implemented using a blocking non-buffered protocol,
  • the send at $P_0$ waits for the matching receive at $P_1$
  • whereas the send at process $P_1$ waits for the corresponding receive at $P_0$,
  • resulting in an infinite wait.
• Deadlocks are very easy in blocking protocols and care must be taken to break cyclic waits.

2

Blocking Buffered Send/Receive

• A simple solution to the idling and deadlocking problems outlined above is to rely on buffers at the sending and receiving ends.

  Figure 4.2: Blocking buffered transfer protocols: Left: in the presence of communication hardware with buffers at send and receive ends; and Right: in the absence of communication hardware, sender interrupts receiver and deposits data in buffer at receiver end.

  

Figure 4.2Left

• On a send operation, the sender simply copies the data into the designated buffer and returns after the copy operation has been completed.
• The sender process can now continue with the program knowing that any changes to the data will not impact program semantics.
• If the hardware supports asynchronous communication (independent of the CPU), then a network transfer can be initiated after the message has been copied into the buffer.
• Note that at the receiving end, the data cannot be stored directly at the target location since this would violate program semantics.
• Instead, the data is copied into a buffer at the receiver as well.
• When the receiving process encounters a receive operation, it checks to see if the message is available in its receive buffer. If so, the data is copied into the target location.

Figure 4.2Right

• In Fig. 4.2Left, buffers are used at both sender and receiver and communication is handled by dedicated hardware.
• Sometimes machines do not have such communication hardware.
• In this case, some of the overhead can be saved by buffering only on one side.
• For example, on encountering a send operation, the sender interrupts the receiver, both processes participate in a communication operation and the message is deposited in a buffer at the receiver end.
• When the receiver eventually encounters a receive operation, the message is copied from the buffer into the target location.
• In general, if the parallel program is highly synchronous, non-buffered sends may perform better than buffered sends.
• However, generally, this is not the case and buffered sends are desirable unless buffer capacity becomes an issue.

• Impact of finite buffers in message passing; consider the following code fragment:

  
• In this code fragment, process $P_0$ produces 1000 data items and process $P_1$ consumes them.
• However, if process $P_1$ was slow getting to this loop, process $P_0$ might have sent all of its data.
• If there is enough buffer space, then both processes can proceed;
• however, if the buffer is not sufficient (i.e., buffer overflow), the sender would have to be blocked until some of the corresponding receive operations had been posted, thus freeing up buffer space.
• This can often lead to unforeseen overheads and performance degradation.
• In general, it is a good idea to write programs that have bounded buffer requirements.

• Deadlocks in Buffered Send and Receive Operations:
• While buffering relieves many of the deadlock situations, it is still possible to write code that deadlocks.
• This is due to the fact that as in the non-buffered case, receive calls are always blocking (to ensure semantic consistency).
• Thus, a simple code fragment such as the following deadlocks since both processes wait to receive data but nobody sends it.

  
• Once again, such circular waits have to be broken.
• However, deadlocks are caused only by waits on receive operations in this case.